Memorial for soldier at Cold Harbor |
Lee vs. Grant. We
were off to see the battlefields of the 1864 Overland Campaign in Virginia--the
first time that these two central figures of the Civil War actually fought
against each other. Lee, the consummate military leader, vs. Grant, whose
military career had been sporadic and questionable. So far Lee had been able to overcome a larger, better
equipped foe by using daring tactics and bold maneuvers. Union generals up to
now had managed to "snatch defeat from the jaws of victory" time and
again by failing to act at crucial moments or by pulling back instead of
pursuing. Would Grant be different? With that background in mind, we went to learn
more about how the Campaign, which was one of the most punishing of the war, unfolded.
Growth like this covered the Wilderness |
Our initial stop was at the very first place the armies of
Lee and Grant clashed--the Wilderness. The Wilderness was called "poisoned
land" because earlier tobacco farming had leached all the nutrients for
food crops out of the soil. Lee was familiar with the area and liked his odds since
he knew that its tangle of dense underbrush would give his woefully outnumbered
troops an advantage. Grant, whose goal was to draw Lee's army out into open
battle, had no choice but to engage. The fighting went back and forth, with
neither side able to gain a decisive advantage. At the battlefield we saw the spot where General Lee moved to lead reinforcing Texas
troops directly into the battle. The Texans refused to allow this, stalling in
their attack and crying "Lee to the Rear!" until Lee moved aside. At
the end, the Battle of the Wilderness was considered to be a tactical draw.
During our trip we've somewhat morbidly joked that every battleground claims to have
seen the "bloodiest fighting of the War". Each does indeed have its
own heartbreaking stories and statistics about the dead and wounded but in my
opinion, that title could go to Spotsylvania, the next battlefield in the
Overland Campaign. We were stunned as we
stood at the top of a trench where 17,000 men died during the 20 hour fight in a
pouring rain at an area known as the Bloody Angle. That ferocity is impossible
for me to imagine but the story of the tree stump there helped me to at least
get some sense of it. So many bullets struck a 22" diameter oak tree
during the battle that it was reduced to a stump, literally shot to pieces.
(The stump is on display at the Smithsonian.) Again, there was no clear
"winner" of the two week battle but despite the high casualty rates
Grant, unlike the generals before him, kept moving forward and pressing Lee as
the cat and mouse game continued onto the North Anna River.
The area at the right is a section of the Bloody Angle |
This sign was about all there was to photograph |
What happened at North Anna? Well, we could read about it
but we really couldn't see it or walk through its events. Unlike the other
battlefields we've visited, it was mostly on private ground so our visit was only
a series of stops by the side of the road. Armed with my iPad we followed
directions like "pull over to the right at a blue gate". I didn't
really get much insight into the battle but it really made me appreciate even
more the value of the National Park Service and other organizations that
preserve and maintain historical sites. At
the end it felt like Russ and I had been on a wild goose chase that day,
winding along miles of totally unremarkable backroads. On the bright side, we
had worked our way through a whole list
of confusing directions without getting lost--an achievement any couple that
spends time on the road will appreciate.
Civil War entrenchment below housing addition fence |
Our final stop at battlefields from the Overland Campaign
was at Cold Harbor--which ironically isn't on the water and was plenty warm
while we were there. This battle resulted in a clear victory for Lee's
Confederates and a disastrous loss for Grant, who went into his tent and wept
for the massive amount of casualties his troops suffered--at one point he lost
over 5,000 men in an hour. Grant's casualty rates for this battle alone were so
high that some Northerners started calling him "the Butcher". It's
still a jolt for me to see present-day housing additions and development on
such historical ground. At Cold Harbor I wondered how it feels to have a trench
that was dug by soldiers during that battle running into your back yard. Or to
look out your front window on cannons across the street, knowing that your yard
was part of a battlefield involving about 170,000 men.
Houses built on Cold Harbor battlefield ground right outside the park boundaries |
Grant later called Cold
Harbor his greatest mistake of the war but again, he refused to retreat and
pushed on, focused on his goal of
defeating Lee. And we pushed on too--following Grant's next move as both armies moved south to Petersburg.